Preparation of Gd2Zr2O7 nanoceramics from two-step thermal treatment and the aqueous durability analysis

Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ceramics demonstrate important prospect in the immobilization of high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs). In this study, Gd₂Zr₂O₇ nanoceramics were fabricated using two-step method, where Gd₂Zr₂O₇ nanopowder was firstly synthesized by solvothermal method and Gd₂Zr₂O₇ nanoceramics were subsequently sintered via self-propagating chemical furnace plus quick pressing (SCF/QP). The characterization results display that the Gd₂Zr₂O₇ nanocrystalline ceramics with average grain size of 78 nm and bulk density of 5.53 g cm⁻³ were successfully prepared. The results of MCC-1 static leaching experiments show that the normalized release rate (LR_i) of Gd is 2.2 × 10⁻² g m⁻²•d⁻¹ on the first day and converges to 1.2 × 10⁻³ g m⁻²•d⁻¹ after 42 days. Zr shows superior chemical stability as the 21 days LR_Zr value is as low as 2.7 × 10⁻⁶ g m⁻²•d⁻¹, which becomes constant as the leaching duration prolongs.     

偏高岭土-矿渣-磷渣地聚合物配比性能的研究

通过正交实验的方法，以地聚合物稠度、凝结时间、胶砂强度为研究依据，以偏高岭土、矿渣、磷渣、碱激发剂用量为研究对象，每个因素取3个水平，分析4个因素在各自水平上对地聚合物性能的影响。试验结果表明，偏高岭土用量是地聚合物稠度的最主要影响因素；偏高岭土和碱激发剂用量是初凝时间的主要影响因素，磷渣和偏高岭土用量是终凝时间的主要影响因素；偏高岭土用量是3 d 抗压强度的主要影响因素，矿渣用量是28 d 抗压强度的主要影响因素。按30%偏高岭土-40%矿渣-30%磷渣-10%碱激发剂制备的地聚合物具有良好的抗碳化性能，但收缩率较普通硅酸盐水泥高。     

脉动态电解加工多场耦合仿真分析及试验研究

为了掌握脉动态电解加工多物理场耦合机制,针对直流电解加工和脉动态电解加工两种加工模式建立了包含电场、流场、传热和气泡的数学模型来开展多物理场耦合仿真分析,研究不同加工间隙下多物理场耦合作用对电流密度分布的影响,通过试验对仿真结果进行了验证。     

Modeling the mechanics and dynamics of arbitrary edge drills

This paper presents a new approach for modelling the cutting forces and chatter stability limits in drills with arbitrary lip geometry. The oblique cutting geometry at each point on the drill lip is modelled using parametric curve equations. The cutting force and process damping coefficients at different parts of the drill lip are identified empirically; the cutting force coefficients are identified from non-symmetric drilling tests, and the process damping coefficients are identified from chatter-free orthogonal turning tests. The presented approach provides a practical method for modelling the cutting forces and vibration stability without needing the detailed geometry of drill lips. The accuracy of presented model in predicting lateral and torsional-axial chatter stability limits is verified by conducting drilling tests using drills with various edge geometries.     

一种精确测量ASTM标准圆形拉伸试样锥度的方法

介绍了ASTM标准中圆形拉伸试样主要部位的尺寸与要求。采用国产万能工具显微镜-投影法对试样在平行长度部位的锥度进行了测量。该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,满足了标准要求,同时发挥了老设备的作用,保证了试样的加工精度。     

Local toolpath smoothing for five-axis machine tools

When five axis CNC machine tools follow series linear toolpath segments, the drives experience velocity, acceleration and jerk discontinuities at the block transition points. The discontinuities result in fluctuations on machine tool motions which lead to poor surface quality. This paper proposes to insert quintic and septic micro-splines for the tool tip and tool-orientation, respectively, at the adjacent linear toolpath segments. Optimal control points are calculated for position and orientation splines to achieve C³ continuity at the junctions while respecting user-defined tolerance limits. The geometrically smoothed corners are traveled at a smoothly varying feed with cubic acceleration trajectory profile. The proposed method is experimentally demonstrated to show improvements in motion smoothness and tracking accuracy in five-axis machining of free-form surfaces found in dies, molds and aerospace parts.     

A web-based screening model for climate risk to water supply systems in the northeastern United States

The aim of this study is to describe the development and application of a web-based decision support tool (ViRTUE) for performing climate risk evaluations of water supply systems. The tool is designed for small-scale water utilities in the northeastern United States that may lack the resources for detailed climate change risk investigations. Development of this tool demonstrates a relatively new approach to web application development using the Shiny framework for the R programming language to create an interactive environment for stakeholders and water managers to explore climate vulnerabilities. Using a decision-scaling framework, the tool allows the user to perform a climate stress test to evaluate the performance and vulnerability to water supply shortfalls of local reservoir systems over a wide range of potential climate change scenarios using a generic systems model. Probabilities of future climate conditions derived from climate projections then help inform utility operators of impending risk.     

Prediction and identification of rotary axes error of non-orthogonal five-axis machine tool

This paper proposes an efficient and automated scheme to predict and identify the position and motion errors of rotary axes on a non-orthogonal five-axis machining centre using the double ball bar (DBB) system. Based on the Denavit-Hartenberg theory, a motion deviations model for the tilting rotary axis B and rotary C of a non-orthogonal five-axis NC machine tool is established, which considers tilting rotary axis B and rotary C static deviations and dynamic deviations that total 24. After analysing the mathematical expression of the motion deviations model, the QC20 double ball bar (DBB) from the Renishaw Company is used to measure and identify the motion errors of rotary axes B and C, and a measurement scheme is designed. With the measured results, the 24 geometric deviations of rotary axes B and C can be identified intuitively and efficiently. This method provides a reference for the error identification of the non-orthogonal five-axis NC machine tool.     

New observations on wear characteristics of solid Al2O3/Si3N4 ceramic tool in high speed milling of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies applied to the titanium alloys have attracted attention from industries in recent years. Despite one of the main goals of AM is the reduction of manufacturing steps, semi-finish/finish machining operations are still required so as to obtain the desired geometrical tolerance and surface features. In this study, the solid end mill was manufactured by Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ (Sialon) ceramic materials and employed in high-speed slot milling of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) AM technology to study the tool wear characteristics during processing. The Raman spectroscopic method was employed to characterize the molecular structures of Sialon ceramics for the manufacturing of the cutting tool. The morphologies and elemental maps of wear region of the ceramic tool were examined by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The results show that the adhesion wear and diffusion wear are the dominant wear mechanisms, and the chemical stability of Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ (Sialon) ceramics fabricated as the solid ceramic tool to the attack of the atoms from additive manufactured Ti6Al4V is relatively weak under the atmosphere. The difference of thermal expansion coefficients of diffusion layer and tool substrate accelerates the initiation and propagation of thermal cracks formed on the diffusion interface. Moreover, fracturing and crater-like groves near the tool edge were finally formed due to the removal of adhered workpiece material.     

Improving weld formability by a novel dual-rotation bobbin tool friction stir welding

A novel dual-rotation bobbin tool friction stir welding (DBT-FSW) was developed, in which the upper shoulder (US) and lower shoulder (LS) have different rotational speeds. This process was tried to weld 3.2 mm thick aluminum-lithium alloy sheets. The metallographic analysis and torque measurement were carried out to characterize the weld formability. Experimental results show that compared to conventional bobbin tool friction stir welding, the DBT-FSW has an excellent process stability, and can produce the defect-free joints in a wider range of welding parameters. These can be attributed to the significant improvement of material flow caused by the formation of a staggered layer structure and the unbalanced force between the US and LS during the DBT-FSW process.